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Unfair Dismissal
Under the Employment Rights Act 1996, your employer must show a potentially fair reason (capability, conduct, redundancy, statutory restriction, or SOSR) and that they acted reasonably. You need 2 years continuous service unless the reason is automatically unfair (e.g., pregnancy, whistleblowing).
Time limit: 3 months less 1 day from your effective date of termination.
Constructive Dismissal
You must show your employer committed a fundamental breach of contract (or the implied term of trust and confidence), you resigned in response to that breach, and you didn't delay too long before resigning.
Time limit: 3 months less 1 day from your resignation date.
Wrongful Dismissal
This is a breach of contract claim, typically for dismissal without proper notice. The Employment Tribunal can award up to £25,000. No minimum service requirement.
Time limit: 3 months less 1 day from termination date.
Discrimination
Under the Equality Act 2010, it is unlawful to discriminate based on protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage/civil partnership, pregnancy/maternity, race, religion/belief, sex, or sexual orientation. No service requirement or compensation cap.
Time limit: 3 months less 1 day from the discriminatory act (or last in a series).
Unlawful Deduction from Wages
Under ERA 1996 s.13, employers cannot make deductions from wages unless authorised by statute, a written contract term, or your prior written consent. Covers unpaid wages, holiday pay, and notice pay.
Time limit: 3 months less 1 day from the deduction (or last in a series of deductions).
Redundancy Pay
If you have 2+ years continuous service and were made redundant, you are entitled to statutory redundancy pay. You can also challenge the redundancy if it was not genuine or the selection was unfair.
Time limit: 6 months from the relevant date.
Whistleblowing (Protected Disclosure)
Workers who make qualifying disclosures about criminal offences, legal breaches, health/safety dangers, environmental damage, or cover-ups are protected from dismissal and detriment. No service requirement and no cap on compensation.
Time limit: 3 months less 1 day from the detriment or dismissal.